Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production are usual measurements within the sports and training physiology. The same measurements are also common when it comes to establish the amount of energy that is used during work and to establish the intensity of work. The volume of oxygen that is consumed contra the volume of carbon dioxide that is produced can be used to calculate the metabolic rate within the human body. This calculation shows the percent relationship between carbohydrates and fat in the metabolism. The first accurate method to measure the breathing gases for use in metabolic calculation was established in the early twenty century when the Douglas bag method was introduced.

Background: Cerebral Palsy is usually divided into three subgroups: ataxic, spastic and dyskinetic, where children and adolescents can, because of misestimation in nutrition and energy intake, suffer from weight problems.Aim: To compare calculations with equations with the individual's measured RMR in the subgroups, to see if any equation is more suitable. This could be used as a tool to calculate the resting metabolism at times when it is not possible to perform clinical measurements.Method: The RMR has been measured in 37 children and adolescents aged 3-15 years through indirect respiratory calorimetry. Those values have been compared with calculations from five equations. The results were then analyzed in order to find if any equation is better to apply for calculating resting metabolism for each subgroup.Results: The ataxic group was overestimated by 56.5% of the calculated values. WHO/FAO/UNU?s equation indicates a significantly strong correlation between the measured and calculated values (r=0.85, p<0.05).

A quart of the of the adult population worldwide havemetabolic syndrome. A sedentary lifestyle, low physicalactivity, combined with wrong eating habits, stress,smoking and psychosocial factors, are the main causes ofdevelopment of the metabolic syndrome. The purpose ofthe literature review was to illuminate the physicalactivity in persons who have the metabolic syndrome, andwhat sort of advice a nurse use in the promotion ofphysical activity. The study was conducted as a literaturereview, including 15 scientific quantitative articles. In tenarticles, the focus was on physical activity at themetabolic syndrome, and five articles focused on variousforms of counselling for physical activity.

Ett av dagens stora folkhälsoproblem är psykosomatiskt betingade besvär. Personer med dessa besvär är en vanlig patientgrupp hos sjukgymnaster inom alla olika områden. Basal Kroppskännedom (BK) är en sjukgymnastisk behandlingsmetod vid dessa besvär. En kvalitativ intervju där data analyserades med hjälp av tematisk innehållsanalys utfördes för att besvara hur sjukgymnaster använder sig av BK i sitt arbete, samt upplevda resultat. Sex sjukgymnaster från olika verksamhetsområden med lång erfarenhet av Basal Kroppskännedom intervjuades.

During an endurance riding competition the onset of metabolic disorders leading up to elimination from the race are common. As many as 8,7 % of the horses participating in international endurance riding competitions are eliminated due to metabolic causes such as tachycardia, absence of borborygmi, hyperthermia and dehydration. To prevent the onset of metabolic disorders in the horse the rider must be able to determine the physiological and physical status of his or her horse. This requires good knowledge in nutrition, physiology and performance training. The risk of developing metabolic problems is reduced through the right feeding management and training.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare equations used to calculate BMR to values of BMR obtained from measurements in order to determine the most suitable equation to be used on children and adolescents with CF.Design: The participants where children and adolescents with CF. Data was collected from the division of Clinical Nutrition at Uppsala Akademiska Sjukhus. Age, weight, height, BMI, BMR, FFM and FM was recorded from 27 measurements. BMR from the participants collected from the indirect respiratory calorimetry was compared to the results obtained from five equations used to obtain a calculated value of BMR.Results: Tverskayas equation was best correlated with the measured BMR for the whole group. The equation underestimated BMR for the participants with a measured BMR over 1400 kcal/24h and overestimated BMR for participants with a measured BMR under 1400 kcal/24h.

The primary goal of this study was to investigate how the radial growth of retained trees responds after thinning-from-above. The National Board of Forestry which initiated this study, was interested in whether there were differences in the growth-response between the tree species Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Another question of issue was if there were differences in the growth response between trees of different sizes. It is within the framework of the National Board of Forestry?s, Continuous Forests Project that these urgent questions are to be answered.

The general consensus is that the gap between the Swedish variable mortgage rate and the repo rate has increased over the last years. Although the Riksbank in recent times has cut its base rate, many banks have chosen either to leave the interest rate on variable mortgages unchanged, or they did reduce it but by less points than the reduction in the repo rate. The linear relationship between the repo rate and the variable mortgage rate has changed over the last decade and the mortgage margins these days are relatively high. This can somewhat be explained by the new rules introduced in the bank sector requiring banks to increase liquidity and equity. Since mortgage loans play an important role in banks? lending business it is of interest to gain knowledge in whether a repo rate reduction latterly has generated a limited affect on the banks lending rates..

The main objective of this research was to study how increased arterial oxygenation by the use of Pulsed Inhaled Nitric-Oxide (PiNO) influenced the metabolic and cardiovascular parameters on horses undergoing acute abdominal surgery because of colic. The parameters blood lactate, blood glucose, pH and heart rate were evaluated before and during anesthesia and closely after recovery. The study showed that blood lactate concentrations decreased significantly during anaesthesia in horses treated with PiNO compared to non-treated horses. It was also seen that the lactate concentration decreased most in horses with the highest levels before PiNO treatment. Since enhanced oxygen extraction ratio was evident in the PiNO group, improved oxygen delivery to the tissue may be a possible explanation for the improved situation.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common non-melanoma skin cancer. It can be divided in different subtypes. The most common type is superficial and is most frequently occurring on the trunk and on the face. In severe cases it can be difficult to differentiate basal cell carcinoma from other skin tumors, therefore a skin biopsy is conclusive diagnostic method. In terms of treatment, curettage is a common non-surgical treatment of basal cell carcinoma.

Basal handhygien är grunden för en god hygienisk standard i allt vårdarbete och har stor betydelse för patientsäkerheten. Fastän denna kunskap finns är följsamheten med olika interventioner inte tillräcklig. Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturstudie var att beskriva orsaker till att basal handhygien inte tillämpas. Studien baserades på 20 vetenskapliga artiklar som granskades utifrån mallar för kvalitetsbedömning. Artiklarna analyserades och resulterade i fem kategorier som förklarade orsakerna: arbetsbelastning, tidsbrist och un- derbemanning: personalens kunskap och attityder: bristande förståelse: osä- kerhet inför val av produkter och teknik samt hudirritation.

Basal handhygien är grunden för en god hygienisk standard i allt vårdarbete och har stor betydelse för patientsäkerheten. Fastän denna kunskap finns är följsamheten med olika interventioner inte tillräcklig. Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturstudie var att beskriva orsaker till att basal handhygien inte tillämpas. Studien baserades på 20 vetenskapliga artiklar som granskades utifrån mallar för kvalitetsbedömning. Artiklarna analyserades och resulterade i fem kategorier som förklarade orsakerna: arbetsbelastning, tidsbrist och un- derbemanning: personalens kunskap och attityder: bristande förståelse: osä- kerhet inför val av produkter och teknik samt hudirritation. För att skydda patienten från vårdrelaterade infektioner kan omvårdnadsansvarig sjuksköterska agera som förebild i gentemot övrig vårdpersonal i handhygienarbetet. Det är viktigt att förbättringsarbetet bedrivs så att följsamheten blir bestående.

Rabbits carry a high risk of anesthesia related death. This study was part of a project to develop a form of total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with minimal effects on cardiac, respiratory and metabolic parameters. In the study, TIVA with sufentanil and midazolam (group TIVA, n=9) was compared with inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane (group SEVO, n=9) in female rabbits undergoing surgery (ovariehysterectomi). All rabbits were pre-medicated with medetomidin and carprofen before anesthesia induction. Anesthesia was induced with TIVA (2.3 ?g/ ml sufentanil, 0.45 mg/ ml midazolam) at a rate of 4 ml/ kg/ h and the mean induction dose was 0.4 ?g/ kg of sufentanil and 0.1mg/ kg of midazolam.

Medveten närvaro är den svenska översättningen av mindfulness. Behandlingsmetoden Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction har påvisat positiva effekter för välmående gällande vissa sjukdomar. Medveten närvaro är centralt i behandlingsmetoden Basal Kroppskännedom. Syftet med undersökningen var att undersöka hur medveten närvaro upplevs av personer som genomgår behandling i Basal Kroppskännedom. Material insamlades genom sju halvstrukturerade intervjuer.

When Norway spruce is planted with large initial spacing and grows on highly productive sites in southern Sweden, a high proportion of the stems gets broad annual rings. The thinning programme carried out at the estate of Trolleholm aims to extract stems with too broad ring width. The 3-4 first thinnings are carried out as thinning from above, where only the thickest trees are removed. The internal distance may not fall below 5-7 meters depending on the number of thinning (short distance in young stands). The aim of this study was to examine the thinning model that is carried out at the estate of Trolleholm. A volume table is calculated to describe the model, and data is collected on temporary plots.